GLI ECOSISTEMI

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GLI ORGANISMI E L’AMBIENTE

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La vita è presente ovunque sulla Terra: nell’acqua, nell’aria, sopra e sotto il terreno. Ogni organismo non vive isolato, ma stabilisce rapporti con gli altri organismi viventi.

Insieme ad acqua, aria e suolo, gli organismi formano un ECOSISTEMA.

Un ecosistema è l’insieme delle caratteristiche fisiche di un ambiente, degli esseri viventi che lo abitano e delle relazioni che si stabiliscono tra loro.

Un lago, un bosco, uno stagno, un fiume, un prato, un deserto sono esempi di ecosistemi presenti in natura.

Ma sono ecosistemi anche quelli costruiti dagli esseri umani, come un campo coltivato, un acquario, una discarica.

La scienza che studia gli ecosistemi è l’ECOLOGIA.

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LA BIODIVERSITA’

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CHE COSA PUOI FARE TU?

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Se tu potessi fare il giro del mondo, incontreresti ambienti diversi, animali diversi, ma anche piante, fiori, frutti e ortaggi diversi. Poi, osservando, ti accorgeresti che le farfalle non sono tutte uguali.

In questo viaggio incontreresti la BIODIVERSITA’, cioè la varietà degli ambienti, delle specie animali e vegetali e quella interna a una stessa specie.

La biodiversità è una grande ricchezza della Terra.

Oggi però si sta riducendo: scompaiono molti ambienti naturali e sempre più specie viventi rischiano l’estinzione.

La causa sono soprattutto le attività dell’uomo: l’industria, ma anche l’allevamento, la pesca, l’agricoltura, svolti in modo intensivo.

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Adotta comportamenti rispettosi dell’ambiente: non abbandonare rifiuti, effettua la raccolta differenziata, non sprecare l’acqua…
Conosci e sostieni le organizzazioni per la salvaguardia dell’ambiente, per esempio il WWF.
Frequenta i parchi che tutelano gli ambienti naturali e gli esseri viventi che li popolano.
A tavola assaggia frutti e ortaggi poco noti o che non sono più “di moda”. In questo modo contribuisci a non farli sparire.
Acquista prodotti dell’agricoltura biologica, che non danneggia l’ambiente.

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ECOSISTEMI MATERIALE DI STUDIO E APPROFONDIMENTO

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Proteggere, ripristinare e favorire un uso sostenibile dell’ecosistema terrestre, contrastare la desertificazione, arrestare il degrado del terreno, fermare la perdita della diversità biologica GOAL 15 AGENDA 2030

15.8 Entro il 2020, adottare misure per prevenire l’introduzione e ridurre significativamente l’impatto delle specie alloctone (aliene) invasive sulla terra e sugli ecosistemi d’acqua e controllare o eradicare le specie prioritarie

ecosistemi di acqua dolce terrestri e nell’entroterra e dei loro servizi, in particolare le foreste, le zone umide, le montagne e le zone aride, in linea con gli obblighi derivanti dagli accordi internazionali

15.9 Entro il 2020, integrare i valori di ecosistema e di biodiversità nella pianificazione nazionale e locale, nei processi di sviluppo, nelle strategie di riduzione della povertà e account nella contabilità

15.2 Entro il 2020, promuovere l’attuazione di una gestione sostenibile di tutti i tipi di foreste, fermare la deforestazione, promuovere il ripristino delle foreste degradate e aumentare notevolmente l’afforestazione e riforestazione a livello globale

15.3 Entro il 2030, combattere la desertificazione, ripristinare i terreni degradati ed il suolo, compresi i terreni colpiti da desertificazione, siccità e inondazioni, e sforzarsi di realizzare un mondo senza degrado del terreno

15.a Mobilitare ed aumentare sensibilmente le risorse finanziarie da tutte le

fonti per conservare e utilizzare in modo durevole biodiversità ed ecosistemi

15.4 Entro il 2030, garantire la conservazione degli ecosistemi montani, compresa la loro biodiversità, al fine di migliorare la loro capacità di fornire prestazioni che sono essenziali per lo sviluppo sostenibile

15.b Mobilitare risorse significative da tutte le fonti e a tutti i livelli per finanziare la gestione sostenibile delle foreste e fornire adeguati incentivi ai paesi in via di sviluppo per far progredire tale gestione, anche per quanto riguarda la conservazione e la riforestazione

15.5 Adottare misure urgenti e significative per ridurre il degrado degli habitat naturali, arrestare la perdita di biodiversità e, entro il 2020, proteggere e prevenire l’estinzione delle specie minacciate

15.c Migliorare il sostegno globale per gli sforzi a combattere il bracconaggio e il traffico di specie protette, anche aumentando la capacità delle comunità locali di perseguire opportunità di sostentamento sostenibili

15.6 Promuovere la condivisione giusta ed equa dei benefici derivanti dall’utilizzo delle risorse genetiche e promuovere l’accesso adeguato a tali risorse, come concordato a livello internazionale

15.7 Adottare misure urgenti per porre fine al bracconaggio ed al traffico di specie di flora e fauna protette e affrontare sia la domanda che l’offerta di prodotti della fauna

selvatica illegali

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In un ecosistema alcuni organismi sono cibo per altri organismi. I viventi perciò sono legati tra loro come anelli di una catena.

La catena alimentare mostra che cosa mangiano gli organismi di un ecosistema e da chi sono mangiati.

I produttori sono gli organismi che, attraverso la fotosintesi clorofilliana, producono da sé il proprio nutrimento.

I consumatori primari si nutrono dei produttori. (vedi animali erbivori).

I consumatori secondari si nutrono di altri animali. (vedi animali carnivori).

I decompositori trasformano i resti e i rifiuti di animali e vegetali.

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In un lago l’energia fornita dal sole è utilizzata dagli organismi produttori (alghe, piante acquatiche, batteri) per svolgere la fotosintesi. La materia così prodotta viene utilizzata da tutti gli organismi che hanno una dieta vegetale (consumatori primari: plancton animale e pesci fitofagi), e questi, a loro volta, sono utilizzati dai pesci carnivori e da altri organismi predatori(consumatori secondari, terziari..). I vari organismi sono quindi legati fra loro da rapporti alimentari come gli anelli di una catena. La catena si interrompe quando l’ultima specie considerata non viene predata. da nessun altro organismo.

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L’ADATTAMENTO AMBIENTALE

Le piante e gli animali modificano nel tempo il loro aspetto e il comportamento per adattarsi e sopravvivere all’interno del proprio ambiente. Per i vegetali basta osservare come una pianta che riceve poca luce giri il suo fusto verso zone più illuminate. Oppure come un cactus che vive in un ambiente con pochissima acqua, abbia ridotto le sue foglie fino a farle diventare spine e ingrossano il fusto per contenere la riserva di acqua necessaria.

Alcuni animali modificano il loro aspetto per sfuggire ai predatori. Il camaleonte assume il colore del ramo o della foglia per non farsi vedere. Anche la lepre artica cambia colore per sfuggire ai predatori: nelle stagioni più calde è di color marrone, mentre in quelle più fredde diventa bianca come la neve. Questo fenomeno si chiama mimetismo.

Altri animali invece cambiano il loro comportamento per sopravvivere alle variazioni di clima. Le rondini, le oche e altre specie di uccelli all’inizio dell’autunno migrano, cioè si spostano in luoghi più caldi e ricchi di cibo, poi ritornano in primavera.

Molti animali come la marmotta, i ghiri e le tartarughe, all’inizio dell’inverno cadono in un sonno profondo, cioè vanno in letargo. Così le loro funzioni vitali sono ridotte al minimo e possono sopravvivere al freddo e alla mancanza di cibo.

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max_width__hover=”100%” max_width__hover_enabled=”100%” filter_hue_rotate__hover=”0deg” filter_hue_rotate__hover_enabled=”0deg” filter_saturate__hover=”100%” filter_saturate__hover_enabled=”100%” filter_brightness__hover=”100%” filter_brightness__hover_enabled=”100%” filter_contrast__hover=”100%” filter_contrast__hover_enabled=”100%” filter_invert__hover=”0%” filter_invert__hover_enabled=”0%” filter_sepia__hover=”0%” filter_sepia__hover_enabled=”0%” filter_opacity__hover=”100%” filter_opacity__hover_enabled=”100%” filter_blur__hover=”0px” filter_blur__hover_enabled=”0px” mix_blend_mode__hover=”normal” mix_blend_mode__hover_enabled=”normal” animation_style__hover=”none” animation_style__hover_enabled=”none” animation_repeat__hover=”once” animation_repeat__hover_enabled=”once” animation_direction__hover=”center” animation_direction__hover_enabled=”center” animation_duration__hover=”1000ms” animation_duration__hover_enabled=”1000ms” animation_delay__hover=”0ms” 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header_2_text_shadow_style__hover_enabled=”none” header_2_text_shadow_color__hover=”rgba(0,0,0,0.4)” header_2_text_shadow_color__hover_enabled=”rgba(0,0,0,0.4)” header_3_line_height__hover=”1em” header_3_line_height__hover_enabled=”1em” header_3_text_shadow_style__hover=”none” header_3_text_shadow_style__hover_enabled=”none” header_3_text_shadow_color__hover=”rgba(0,0,0,0.4)” header_3_text_shadow_color__hover_enabled=”rgba(0,0,0,0.4)” header_4_line_height__hover=”1em” header_4_line_height__hover_enabled=”1em” header_4_text_shadow_style__hover=”none” header_4_text_shadow_style__hover_enabled=”none” header_4_text_shadow_color__hover=”rgba(0,0,0,0.4)” header_4_text_shadow_color__hover_enabled=”rgba(0,0,0,0.4)” header_5_line_height__hover=”1em” header_5_line_height__hover_enabled=”1em” header_5_text_shadow_style__hover=”none” header_5_text_shadow_style__hover_enabled=”none” header_5_text_shadow_color__hover=”rgba(0,0,0,0.4)” header_5_text_shadow_color__hover_enabled=”rgba(0,0,0,0.4)” 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LA CLASSIFICAZIONE DEI VIVENTI

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CITTADINI RESPONSABILI

PIANETA TERRA COME STAI?

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GLI ECOSISTEMI

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LE FONTI ENERGETICHE

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GLI OBIETTIVI DELL’AGENDA 2030

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POSSIBILI SOLUZIONI

Usare mezzi di trasporto meno inquinanti, come il treno e le auto elettriche, e acquistare “prodotti a chilometri zero” per limitare il transito dei veicoli che trasportano merci.
Produrre energia usando il sole, il vento, l’acqua.
Fare la raccolta differenziata per poter riciclare i rifiuti e inquinare meno.

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Gli esseri umani, gli animali e le piante usano le risorse della Terra per sopravvivere. Ma queste risorse, come l’acqua potabile, il suolo e le fonti di energia, non sono inesauribili e devono essere tutelate. I comportamenti che abbiamo generalmente adottato fino ad oggi, invece, producono rifiuti e gas che inquinano le risorse della Terra e causano danni per la nostra salute. L’aumento dell’anidride carbonica nell’atmosfera dovuta ai gas di scarico delle automobili e delle industrie contribuisce al cambiamento climatico, mettendo in pericolo l’ambiente che ci circonda. Per raggiungere uno sviluppo sostenibile, bisogna realizzare anche una sostenibilità naturale, che salvaguardi e protegga le risorse della Terra necessarie per vivere.

In particolare bisogna prestare attenzione alle risorse non rinnovabili.

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